New Sweden: Difference between revisions

From Philadelphia.Wiki
VisualWikitext
Automated upload via Philadelphia.Wiki content pipeline
 
Humanization pass: prose rewrite for readability
 
Line 1: Line 1:
'''New Sweden''' (Swedish: ''Nya Sverige'') was a Swedish colony that existed in the Delaware Valley from 1638 to 1655, predating William Penn's founding of Pennsylvania by more than four decades. The colony stretched along the Delaware River from the present site of Trenton, New Jersey, to the mouth of the bay, encompassing lands in what would become Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Though the colony was small, short-lived, and ultimately conquered by the Dutch, New Sweden left a lasting imprint on the Philadelphia region, including the oldest surviving church building in Pennsylvania, [[Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church]] in [[Queen Village]].<ref name="hoffecker">{{cite book |last=Hoffecker |first=Carol E. |title=Delaware: The First State |year=2007 |publisher=University of Delaware Press |location=Newark, DE}}</ref>
'''New Sweden''' (Swedish: ''Nya Sverige'') was a Swedish colony in the Delaware Valley from 1638 to 1655. It came before William Penn's Pennsylvania by more than forty years. The colony stretched along the Delaware River from present-day Trenton, New Jersey, to the bay's mouth, covering lands in what would become Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Small and short-lived, it fell to the Dutch in the end, yet New Sweden shaped the Philadelphia region profoundly. The oldest surviving church building in Pennsylvania, [[Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church]] in [[Queen Village]], still stands as proof of that lasting imprint.<ref name="hoffecker">{{cite book |last=Hoffecker |first=Carol E. |title=Delaware: The First State |year=2007 |publisher=University of Delaware Press |location=Newark, DE}}</ref>


== Founding and Early Years ==
== Founding and Early Years ==


The colony of New Sweden was established in 1638 when an expedition sponsored by the New Sweden Company landed at a site they named [[Fort Christina]] (present-day Wilmington, Delaware). The expedition was led by Peter Minuit, a Dutch colonial administrator who had previously purchased Manhattan for the Dutch West India Company before falling out with his employers and offering his services to Sweden. Minuit had recruited two shiploads of Swedish and Finnish colonists, along with Dutch soldiers and sailors, for the venture. The Swedes selected a site at the confluence of the Christina River (named for the young Queen Christina of Sweden) and the Delaware, establishing a fortified trading post as the foundation of their American enterprise.<ref name="ward">{{cite book |last=Ward |first=Christopher |title=The Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware 1609-64 |year=1930 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia}}</ref>
An expedition backed by the New Sweden Company landed in 1638 at a place they called [[Fort Christina]] (today's Wilmington, Delaware). Peter Minuit led the expedition. He was a Dutch colonial administrator who'd once purchased Manhattan for the Dutch West India Company before quarreling with his bosses and switching to Sweden's service. Minuit had gathered two shiploads of Swedish and Finnish colonists, plus Dutch soldiers and sailors. The Swedes picked a spot where the Christina River (named for young Queen Christina of Sweden) met the Delaware, and they built a fortified trading post there as their foothold in America.<ref name="ward">{{cite book |last=Ward |first=Christopher |title=The Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware 1609-64 |year=1930 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia}}</ref>


The primary purpose of New Sweden was trade, particularly the fur trade with the [[Lenape people]] and other indigenous nations of the Delaware Valley. The Swedes exchanged European goods—cloth, metal tools, and weapons—for beaver pelts and other furs that commanded high prices in European markets. Unlike some colonial ventures, New Sweden initially maintained relatively peaceful relations with the Lenape, purchasing land through negotiated agreements rather than conquest. However, the colony struggled from the outset with insufficient supplies, inadequate support from Sweden, and competition from the better-established Dutch and English colonies to the north and south.<ref name="dahlgren">{{cite book |last=Dahlgren |first=Stellan |last2=Norman |first2=Hans |title=The Rise and Fall of New Sweden |year=1988 |publisher=Coronet Books}}</ref>
Trade was the colony's main business. Specifically, the fur trade with the [[Lenape people]] and other indigenous nations of the Delaware Valley. The Swedes swapped European goods—cloth, metal tools, weapons—for beaver pelts and furs that sold for good money back in Europe. They didn't conquer land like some colonial ventures did. They negotiated land purchases with the Lenape instead, which kept relations relatively peaceful at first. Still, New Sweden faced real troubles from its beginning. Supplies ran short. Sweden didn't send enough support. The better-established Dutch and English colonies to the north and south made competition fierce.<ref name="dahlgren">{{cite book |last=Dahlgren |first=Stellan |last2=Norman |first2=Hans |title=The Rise and Fall of New Sweden |year=1988 |publisher=Coronet Books}}</ref>


== Expansion to Tinicum Island ==
== Expansion to Tinicum Island ==


In 1643, Johan Printz arrived as the new governor of New Sweden, bringing new colonists and instructions to strengthen the colony's position. Printz recognized that Fort Christina was vulnerable to Dutch competition and established a new capital at [[Tinicum Island]], the first European settlement within the present boundaries of Pennsylvania. Located in the Delaware River near present-day Philadelphia International Airport, Tinicum (from the Lenape word meaning "islands") offered a more strategic position from which to control river trade. Printz built his residence, Printzhof, on the island, along with a fort, storehouse, and church—the first Lutheran church in North America.<ref name="acrelius">{{cite book |last=Acrelius |first=Israel |title=A History of New Sweden; or, The Settlements on the River Delaware |year=1874 |publisher=Historical Society of Pennsylvania |location=Philadelphia |orig-year=1759}}</ref>
Johan Printz became governor in 1643 and brought fresh colonists with orders to strengthen the colony's grip on the region. Fort Christina looked vulnerable to Dutch pressure. Printz knew it. He decided to build a new capital at [[Tinicum Island]], making it the first European settlement within what's now Pennsylvania's borders. The island sits in the Delaware River near present-day Philadelphia International Airport. Its name came from a Lenape word meaning "islands." From here, Printz could control river trade more effectively. He built Printzhof (his residence), a fort, a storehouse, and a church—North America's first Lutheran church.<ref name="acrelius">{{cite book |last=Acrelius |first=Israel |title=A History of New Sweden; or, The Settlements on the River Delaware |year=1874 |publisher=Historical Society of Pennsylvania |location=Philadelphia |orig-year=1759}}</ref>


Under Printz's firm leadership, New Sweden expanded its territorial claims and established additional settlements and trading posts along the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. The colony's population grew slowly, supplemented by Finnish settlers (Finland being then part of the Swedish realm) who brought expertise in log cabin construction—a building technique that would later spread throughout the American frontier. Printz was an effective but autocratic governor whose heavy-handed rule caused considerable discontent among the colonists. His decade in office (1643-1653) represented the high point of Swedish colonial presence in the Delaware Valley, though the colony never achieved the size or prosperity its sponsors had envisioned.<ref name="ward"/>
Printz ran things with an iron hand. The colony expanded its territorial claims under his leadership and set up new settlements and trading posts along the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. Population grew slowly, aided by Finnish settlers—Finland was part of Sweden then—who knew how to build log cabins, a technique that would eventually define the American frontier. He was effective but tyrannical, and colonists resented his heavy rule. His decade in office (1643–1653) marked New Sweden's peak in the Delaware Valley, though the colony never grew as large or wealthy as its backers had hoped.<ref name="ward"/>


== Colonial Life ==
== Colonial Life ==


Life in New Sweden was difficult, marked by shortages of supplies and the challenges of establishing European settlement in the American wilderness. The colonial population probably never exceeded 600 people, scattered among a handful of settlements along the Delaware River. Colonists included soldiers, farmers, craftsmen, and their families, drawn from Sweden, Finland, and the Netherlands. Many were involuntary emigrants—soldiers who had deserted, debtors, and others whom Swedish authorities wished to be rid of. The colony maintained a small militia and a fort at several locations, but never possessed sufficient military strength to defend against determined attack.<ref name="dahlgren"/>
Conditions in New Sweden were harsh. Supplies never came in enough quantities. Settling the American wilderness meant constant hardship. The population probably stayed under 600 people, scattered across a handful of settlements along the Delaware. Soldiers, farmers, craftsmen, and their families came from Sweden, Finland, and the Netherlands. Many weren't there by choice. Deserters, debtors, people Swedish authorities wanted gone—they all ended up in New Sweden. The colony had a small militia and forts in several spots, but never enough military power to stand against a serious attack.<ref name="dahlgren"/>


The Swedes and Finns who settled New Sweden brought with them agricultural traditions adapted to the northern European forests. Finnish settlers, in particular, introduced the log cabin construction technique that would become iconic of the American frontier. They cleared land using slash-and-burn methods similar to those practiced in the forests of Finland and Sweden, establishing farms on the relatively narrow strips of fertile land along the rivers. Swedish colonists also established the first mills and attempted to cultivate tobacco, though with limited success. The colony maintained nominal Lutheran religious observance, though formal church services were often impossible due to the shortage of clergy.<ref name="johnson">{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Amandus |title=The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1664 |year=1911 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |location=Philadelphia}}</ref>
Agricultural traditions from northern Europe traveled with the Swedish and Finnish settlers. Log cabin building came from the Finns in particular—it became central to America's frontier identity. They cleared land with slash-and-burn methods like those back in Finland and Sweden, carving out farms on the narrow strips of fertile ground next to the rivers. Swedish colonists started the first mills and tried growing tobacco without much luck. Lutheranism was nominal. Formal church services hardly ever happened because priests were scarce.<ref name="johnson">{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Amandus |title=The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1664 |year=1911 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |location=Philadelphia}}</ref>


== Relationship with Indigenous Peoples ==
== Relationship with Indigenous Peoples ==


New Sweden's relationship with the [[Lenape people]] was generally more peaceful than many colonial encounters, though not without tension. The Swedes, unlike some later colonists, recognized Lenape ownership of the land and purchased territory through negotiated treaties rather than simply claiming it by right of discovery or conquest. These land purchases, while perhaps not fully understood by the Lenape in European legal terms, established a pattern of relatively cooperative relations. The fur trade provided mutual benefits: the Swedes gained valuable pelts for export, while the Lenape acquired European manufactured goods that enhanced their material culture and military capabilities.<ref name="soderlund">{{cite book |last=Soderlund |first=Jean R. |title=Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society Before William Penn |year=2015 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia}}</ref>
The [[Lenape people]] and New Sweden got along better than was typical in colonial conflicts. The Swedes recognized Lenape land ownership. They bought territory through treaties, not conquest or declarations of discovery. Those land purchases may not have meant the same thing to the Lenape in European legal terms, yet they set a pattern of cooperation. The fur trade helped both sides. Swedes got valuable pelts to export. Lenape got European manufactured goods that improved their daily life and military strength.<ref name="soderlund">{{cite book |last=Soderlund |first=Jean R. |title=Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society Before William Penn |year=2015 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia}}</ref>


However, the Swedish presence contributed to the disruption of traditional Lenape life. European diseases, against which the Lenape had no immunity, spread through indigenous communities, causing significant mortality even before English colonization began. The fur trade altered traditional economic patterns and drew the Lenape into increasing dependence on European goods. Competition among European powers for Lenape trade alliance created new political pressures. And the steady expansion of Swedish settlements onto previously Lenape-controlled lands foreshadowed the more extensive dispossession that would follow under English rule.<ref name="kraft">{{cite book |last=Kraft |first=Herbert C. |title=The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 BC to AD 2000 |year=2001 |publisher=Lenape Books |location=Elizabeth, NJ}}</ref>
Swedish settlement still disrupted traditional Lenape life. European diseases killed indigenous people who had no immunity. The fur trade changed how the Lenape made a living and made them dependent on European merchandise. Fighting among European powers for Lenape trade alliances created new political stress. Swedish settlements kept creeping onto Lenape lands, foreshadowing the massive dispossession that English colonization would bring later.<ref name="kraft">{{cite book |last=Kraft |first=Herbert C. |title=The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 BC to AD 2000 |year=2001 |publisher=Lenape Books |location=Elizabeth, NJ}}</ref>


== Dutch Conquest ==
== Dutch Conquest ==


The end of New Sweden came swiftly in 1655 when Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of New Netherland, arrived with a fleet of seven ships and several hundred soldiers. The Dutch had long viewed the Swedish colony as an intrusion on territory they claimed by right of prior exploration, and Stuyvesant was determined to eliminate this competitor. The small Swedish garrison at Fort Christina, hopelessly outnumbered, surrendered without serious resistance. The colony's other posts, including the capital at [[Tinicum Island]], likewise fell without significant fighting. Governor Johan Rising, who had replaced Printz in 1654, negotiated terms that allowed Swedish colonists to remain on their lands under Dutch rule.<ref name="ward"/>
New Sweden ended in 1655. Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of New Netherland, sailed in with seven ships and hundreds of soldiers. The Dutch had always seen the Swedish colony as a trespasser on land they claimed through prior exploration, and Stuyvesant meant to wipe out this rival. The small Swedish garrison at Fort Christina was massively outnumbered. They surrendered without a fight. Other posts, including the capital at [[Tinicum Island]], fell just as fast. Governor Johan Rising (who'd replaced Printz in 1654) cut a deal letting Swedish colonists keep their lands under Dutch rule.<ref name="ward"/>


The [[Dutch Conquest of New Sweden]] ended Swedish political control in the Delaware Valley but did not end the Swedish cultural presence. Most Swedish and Finnish colonists remained on their farms under Dutch and later English rule, maintaining their language, Lutheran faith, and distinctive customs for generations. The Swedish population contributed to the development of the region even after their political independence was lost. When William Penn arrived to establish Pennsylvania in 1682, he found a population of several hundred Swedish and Finnish colonists who had already been farming the land for decades—a European presence that Penn incorporated into his new colony.<ref name="acrelius"/>
The [[Dutch Conquest of New Sweden]] ended Swedish political power in the Delaware Valley. It didn't end Swedish culture there. Most Swedish and Finnish colonists stayed on their farms under Dutch and then English rule, keeping their language, Lutheran faith, and distinctive ways alive for generations. They contributed to the region's growth even after independence was lost. William Penn arrived to start Pennsylvania in 1682 and found several hundred Swedish and Finnish colonists already farming land they'd held for decades. Penn brought them into his new colony.<ref name="acrelius"/>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==


Though New Sweden lasted only seventeen years as an independent colony, its legacy in the Philadelphia region endures. [[Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church]], built between 1698 and 1700 by the descendants of Swedish colonists, is the oldest church building in Pennsylvania and stands in [[Queen Village]] as a National Historic Landmark. Tinicum, the site of the Swedish colonial capital, is commemorated by Governor Printz Park in what is now Essington, Pennsylvania. The Swedes' log cabin building technique spread across the American frontier, influencing vernacular architecture for centuries. And the pattern of relatively peaceful land purchase from indigenous peoples that the Swedes established influenced William Penn's later approach to relations with the Lenape.<ref name="hoffecker"/>
Seventeen years. That's how long New Sweden lasted as an independent colony. Its mark on the Philadelphia region remains strong. [[Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church]] was built between 1698 and 1700 by Swedish colonists' descendants. It's Pennsylvania's oldest church building, sitting in [[Queen Village]] as a National Historic Landmark. Governor Printz Park in what's now Essington, Pennsylvania, remembers Tinicum, the old Swedish capital. The log cabin technique the Swedes used spread across America's frontier and shaped building styles for centuries. William Penn later borrowed the Swedes' approach of peaceful land purchase from indigenous peoples for his own dealings with the Lenape.<ref name="hoffecker"/>


Historical markers and museums throughout the region commemorate the Swedish colonial period. The American Swedish Historical Museum in South Philadelphia, founded in 1926, preserves the heritage of Swedish settlement in America. The Gloria Dei Church maintains its historic building and cemetery as a memorial to the colonial period. These institutions ensure that the brief but significant Swedish presence in the Philadelphia region is not forgotten, preserving the memory of a European settlement that predated Philadelphia itself by nearly half a century.<ref name="ashm">{{cite web |url=https://americanswedish.org/ |title=American Swedish Historical Museum |access-date=December 29, 2025}}</ref>
Historical markers and museums throughout the region keep the Swedish colonial story alive. The American Swedish Historical Museum in South Philadelphia opened in 1926 and preserves Swedish American heritage. Gloria Dei Church keeps its historic building and cemetery as a memorial to colonial times. These places make sure the brief but important Swedish presence in the Philadelphia region isn't lost to time, preserving a European settlement that came nearly fifty years before Philadelphia itself.<ref name="ashm">{{cite web |url=https://americanswedish.org/ |title=American Swedish Historical Museum |access-date=December 29, 2025}}</ref>


== See Also ==
== See Also ==

Latest revision as of 22:09, 23 April 2026

New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige) was a Swedish colony in the Delaware Valley from 1638 to 1655. It came before William Penn's Pennsylvania by more than forty years. The colony stretched along the Delaware River from present-day Trenton, New Jersey, to the bay's mouth, covering lands in what would become Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Small and short-lived, it fell to the Dutch in the end, yet New Sweden shaped the Philadelphia region profoundly. The oldest surviving church building in Pennsylvania, Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church in Queen Village, still stands as proof of that lasting imprint.[1]

Founding and Early Years

An expedition backed by the New Sweden Company landed in 1638 at a place they called Fort Christina (today's Wilmington, Delaware). Peter Minuit led the expedition. He was a Dutch colonial administrator who'd once purchased Manhattan for the Dutch West India Company before quarreling with his bosses and switching to Sweden's service. Minuit had gathered two shiploads of Swedish and Finnish colonists, plus Dutch soldiers and sailors. The Swedes picked a spot where the Christina River (named for young Queen Christina of Sweden) met the Delaware, and they built a fortified trading post there as their foothold in America.[2]

Trade was the colony's main business. Specifically, the fur trade with the Lenape people and other indigenous nations of the Delaware Valley. The Swedes swapped European goods—cloth, metal tools, weapons—for beaver pelts and furs that sold for good money back in Europe. They didn't conquer land like some colonial ventures did. They negotiated land purchases with the Lenape instead, which kept relations relatively peaceful at first. Still, New Sweden faced real troubles from its beginning. Supplies ran short. Sweden didn't send enough support. The better-established Dutch and English colonies to the north and south made competition fierce.[3]

Expansion to Tinicum Island

Johan Printz became governor in 1643 and brought fresh colonists with orders to strengthen the colony's grip on the region. Fort Christina looked vulnerable to Dutch pressure. Printz knew it. He decided to build a new capital at Tinicum Island, making it the first European settlement within what's now Pennsylvania's borders. The island sits in the Delaware River near present-day Philadelphia International Airport. Its name came from a Lenape word meaning "islands." From here, Printz could control river trade more effectively. He built Printzhof (his residence), a fort, a storehouse, and a church—North America's first Lutheran church.[4]

Printz ran things with an iron hand. The colony expanded its territorial claims under his leadership and set up new settlements and trading posts along the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. Population grew slowly, aided by Finnish settlers—Finland was part of Sweden then—who knew how to build log cabins, a technique that would eventually define the American frontier. He was effective but tyrannical, and colonists resented his heavy rule. His decade in office (1643–1653) marked New Sweden's peak in the Delaware Valley, though the colony never grew as large or wealthy as its backers had hoped.[2]

Colonial Life

Conditions in New Sweden were harsh. Supplies never came in enough quantities. Settling the American wilderness meant constant hardship. The population probably stayed under 600 people, scattered across a handful of settlements along the Delaware. Soldiers, farmers, craftsmen, and their families came from Sweden, Finland, and the Netherlands. Many weren't there by choice. Deserters, debtors, people Swedish authorities wanted gone—they all ended up in New Sweden. The colony had a small militia and forts in several spots, but never enough military power to stand against a serious attack.[3]

Agricultural traditions from northern Europe traveled with the Swedish and Finnish settlers. Log cabin building came from the Finns in particular—it became central to America's frontier identity. They cleared land with slash-and-burn methods like those back in Finland and Sweden, carving out farms on the narrow strips of fertile ground next to the rivers. Swedish colonists started the first mills and tried growing tobacco without much luck. Lutheranism was nominal. Formal church services hardly ever happened because priests were scarce.[5]

Relationship with Indigenous Peoples

The Lenape people and New Sweden got along better than was typical in colonial conflicts. The Swedes recognized Lenape land ownership. They bought territory through treaties, not conquest or declarations of discovery. Those land purchases may not have meant the same thing to the Lenape in European legal terms, yet they set a pattern of cooperation. The fur trade helped both sides. Swedes got valuable pelts to export. Lenape got European manufactured goods that improved their daily life and military strength.[6]

Swedish settlement still disrupted traditional Lenape life. European diseases killed indigenous people who had no immunity. The fur trade changed how the Lenape made a living and made them dependent on European merchandise. Fighting among European powers for Lenape trade alliances created new political stress. Swedish settlements kept creeping onto Lenape lands, foreshadowing the massive dispossession that English colonization would bring later.[7]

Dutch Conquest

New Sweden ended in 1655. Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of New Netherland, sailed in with seven ships and hundreds of soldiers. The Dutch had always seen the Swedish colony as a trespasser on land they claimed through prior exploration, and Stuyvesant meant to wipe out this rival. The small Swedish garrison at Fort Christina was massively outnumbered. They surrendered without a fight. Other posts, including the capital at Tinicum Island, fell just as fast. Governor Johan Rising (who'd replaced Printz in 1654) cut a deal letting Swedish colonists keep their lands under Dutch rule.[2]

The Dutch Conquest of New Sweden ended Swedish political power in the Delaware Valley. It didn't end Swedish culture there. Most Swedish and Finnish colonists stayed on their farms under Dutch and then English rule, keeping their language, Lutheran faith, and distinctive ways alive for generations. They contributed to the region's growth even after independence was lost. William Penn arrived to start Pennsylvania in 1682 and found several hundred Swedish and Finnish colonists already farming land they'd held for decades. Penn brought them into his new colony.[4]

Legacy

Seventeen years. That's how long New Sweden lasted as an independent colony. Its mark on the Philadelphia region remains strong. Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church was built between 1698 and 1700 by Swedish colonists' descendants. It's Pennsylvania's oldest church building, sitting in Queen Village as a National Historic Landmark. Governor Printz Park in what's now Essington, Pennsylvania, remembers Tinicum, the old Swedish capital. The log cabin technique the Swedes used spread across America's frontier and shaped building styles for centuries. William Penn later borrowed the Swedes' approach of peaceful land purchase from indigenous peoples for his own dealings with the Lenape.[1]

Historical markers and museums throughout the region keep the Swedish colonial story alive. The American Swedish Historical Museum in South Philadelphia opened in 1926 and preserves Swedish American heritage. Gloria Dei Church keeps its historic building and cemetery as a memorial to colonial times. These places make sure the brief but important Swedish presence in the Philadelphia region isn't lost to time, preserving a European settlement that came nearly fifty years before Philadelphia itself.[8]

See Also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 [ Delaware: The First State] by Carol E. Hoffecker (2007), University of Delaware Press, Newark, DE
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 [ The Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware 1609-64] by Christopher Ward (1930), University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 [ The Rise and Fall of New Sweden] by Stellan Dahlgren (1988), Coronet Books, {{{location}}}
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 [ A History of New Sweden; or, The Settlements on the River Delaware] by Israel Acrelius (1874), Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
  5. ↑ [ The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1664] by Amandus Johnson (1911), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
  6. ↑ [ Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society Before William Penn] by Jean R. Soderlund (2015), University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia
  7. ↑ [ The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 BC to AD 2000] by Herbert C. Kraft (2001), Lenape Books, Elizabeth, NJ
  8. ↑ "American Swedish Historical Museum". Retrieved December 29, 2025
Retrieved from "https://philadelphia.wiki/index.php?title=New_Sweden&oldid=5290"